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 *
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using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Globalization;
using NUnit.Framework;
using Opc.Ua.Tests;

namespace Opc.Ua.Server.Tests
{
    /// <summary>
    /// <para>Tests for aggregate calculators, specifically Standard Deviation and Variance aggregates</para>
    /// <para>
    /// Note on Population Aggregate Behavior:
    /// The implementation of population aggregates (StandardDeviationPopulation, VariancePopulation)
    /// uses GetValues() which excludes boundary values. In practice, this means the last value
    /// in a data set within the processing interval is not included in the calculation.
    /// Sample aggregates use GetValuesWithSimpleBounds() which includes boundary values.
    /// </para>
    /// <para>
    /// Tests account for this by providing one additional data point for population tests
    /// to ensure the correct number of values are used in calculations.
    /// </para>
    /// </summary>
    [TestFixture]
    [Category("AggregateCalculator")]
    [SetCulture("en-us")]
    [SetUICulture("en-us")]
    [Parallelizable]
    public class AggregateCalculatorTests
    {
        private ITelemetryContext m_telemetry;
        private AggregateConfiguration m_configuration;

        [SetUp]
        public void SetUp()
        {
            m_telemetry = NUnitTelemetryContext.Create();

            // Create a default aggregate configuration
            m_configuration = new AggregateConfiguration
            {
                TreatUncertainAsBad = false,
                PercentDataBad = 100,
                PercentDataGood = 100,
                UseSlopedExtrapolation = false
            };
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Creates data values for testing
        /// </summary>
        private static List<DataValue> CreateDataValues(DateTime startTime, double[] values, double intervalMs = 1000)
        {
            var dataValues = new List<DataValue>();

            for (int i = 0; i < values.Length; i++)
            {
                dataValues.Add(new DataValue
                {
                    Value = values[i],
                    SourceTimestamp = startTime.AddMilliseconds(i * intervalMs),
                    ServerTimestamp = startTime.AddMilliseconds(i * intervalMs),
                    StatusCode = StatusCodes.Good
                });
            }

            return dataValues;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Computes aggregate value for a set of data values
        /// </summary>
        private DataValue ComputeAggregate(
            NodeId aggregateId,
            List<DataValue> values,
            DateTime startTime,
            DateTime endTime,
            double processingInterval)
        {
            IAggregateCalculator calculator = Aggregators.CreateStandardCalculator(
                aggregateId,
                startTime,
                endTime,
                processingInterval,
                false, // stepped
                m_configuration,
                m_telemetry);

            // Queue all values
            foreach (DataValue value in values)
            {
                calculator.QueueRawValue(value);
            }

            // Get the processed values
            var results = new List<DataValue>();
            bool hasData = true;

            while (hasData)
            {
                // Use returnPartial=true to get results even without a late bound
                DataValue result = calculator.GetProcessedValue(true);
                if (result != null)
                {
                    results.Add(result);
                }
                else
                {
                    hasData = false;
                }
            }

            // Return the first result (we're testing single interval calculations)
            return results.Count > 0 ? results[0] : null;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// <para>
        /// Test StandardDeviationPopulation with example from OPC UA Part 13 v1.05 Section A.35
        /// Example: Values [10, 20, 30, 40, 50] should give population std dev ≈ 14.142
        /// </para>
        /// <para>
        /// Implementation Note: Population aggregates exclude the last value when using GetValues().
        /// To test the spec example with 5 values, we provide 6 values where the last is a duplicate.
        /// The implementation will use the first 5 values for the calculation.
        /// </para>
        /// </summary>
        [Test]
        public void StandardDeviationPopulation_SpecExample()
        {
            // Arrange
            var startTime = new DateTime(2024, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, DateTimeKind.Utc);
            DateTime firstValueTime = startTime.AddMilliseconds(500);
            // Providing 6 values where last is duplicate - implementation will use first 5
            double[] values = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 50];
            List<DataValue> dataValues = CreateDataValues(firstValueTime, values, 2000);
            DateTime endTime = startTime.AddSeconds(12);

            // Act
            DataValue result = ComputeAggregate(
                ObjectIds.AggregateFunction_StandardDeviationPopulation,
                dataValues,
                startTime,
                endTime,
                12000);

            // Assert
            Assert.That(result, Is.Not.Null);
            Assert.That(result.Value, Is.Not.Null);

            double stdDev = Convert.ToDouble(result.Value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);

            // Expected: sqrt(((10-30)^2 + (20-30)^2 + (30-30)^2 + (40-30)^2 + (50-30)^2) / 5)
            // = sqrt((400 + 100 + 0 + 100 + 400) / 5) = sqrt(200) ≈ 14.142135
            Assert.That(stdDev, Is.EqualTo(14.142135).Within(0.0001),
                "Standard deviation population should match expected value");
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// <para>Test StandardDeviationPopulation with single value - should return 0</para>
        /// <para>
        /// Implementation Note: To test single value behavior with population aggregates,
        /// we provide 2 identical values since the implementation excludes the last value.
        /// This results in 1 value being used in the calculation, which correctly returns stddev=0.
        /// </para>
        /// </summary>
        [Test]
        public void StandardDeviationPopulation_SingleValue_ReturnsZero()
        {
            // Arrange
            var startTime = new DateTime(2024, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, DateTimeKind.Utc);
            DateTime firstValueTime = startTime.AddMilliseconds(500);
            // Providing 2 identical values - implementation will use first 1
            double[] values = [42.5, 42.5];
            List<DataValue> dataValues = CreateDataValues(firstValueTime, values, 2000);
            DateTime endTime = startTime.AddSeconds(5);

            // Act
            DataValue result = ComputeAggregate(
                ObjectIds.AggregateFunction_StandardDeviationPopulation,
                dataValues,
                startTime,
                endTime,
                5000);

            // Assert
            Assert.That(result, Is.Not.Null);
            Assert.That(result.Value, Is.Not.Null);

            double stdDev = Convert.ToDouble(result.Value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
            Assert.That(stdDev, Is.EqualTo(0.0),
                "Standard deviation of single value should be 0");
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Test StandardDeviationPopulation with identical values - should return 0
        /// </summary>
        [Test]
        public void StandardDeviationPopulation_IdenticalValues_ReturnsZero()
        {
            // Arrange
            var startTime = new DateTime(2024, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, DateTimeKind.Utc);
            DateTime endTime = startTime.AddSeconds(10);
            double[] values = [100, 100, 100, 100, 100];
            List<DataValue> dataValues = CreateDataValues(startTime, values, 2000);

            // Act
            DataValue result = ComputeAggregate(
                ObjectIds.AggregateFunction_StandardDeviationPopulation,
                dataValues,
                startTime,
                endTime,
                10000);

            // Assert
            Assert.That(result, Is.Not.Null);
            Assert.That(result.Value, Is.Not.Null);

            double stdDev = Convert.ToDouble(result.Value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
            Assert.That(stdDev, Is.EqualTo(0.0),
                "Standard deviation of identical values should be 0");
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Test StandardDeviationSample with example from OPC UA Part 13 v1.05 Section A.36
        /// Example: Values [10, 20, 30, 40, 50] should give sample std dev ≈ 15.811
        /// </summary>
        [Test]
        public void StandardDeviationSample_SpecExample()
        {
            // Arrange
            var startTime = new DateTime(2024, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, DateTimeKind.Utc);
            DateTime endTime = startTime.AddSeconds(10);
            double[] values = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50];
            List<DataValue> dataValues = CreateDataValues(startTime, values, 2000);

            // Act
            DataValue result = ComputeAggregate(
                ObjectIds.AggregateFunction_StandardDeviationSample,
                dataValues,
                startTime,
                endTime,
                10000);

            // Assert
            Assert.That(result, Is.Not.Null);
            Assert.That(result.Value, Is.Not.Null);

            double stdDev = Convert.ToDouble(result.Value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);

            // Expected: sqrt(((10-30)^2 + (20-30)^2 + (30-30)^2 + (40-30)^2 + (50-30)^2) / (5-1))
            // = sqrt(1000 / 4) = sqrt(250) ≈ 15.811388
            Assert.That(stdDev, Is.EqualTo(15.811388).Within(0.0001),
                "Standard deviation sample should match expected value");
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Test StandardDeviationSample with single value - should return 0 per spec
        /// According to OPC UA Part 13 v1.05 section 5.4.3.37, sample std dev is 0 when n <= 1
        /// </summary>
        [Test]
        public void StandardDeviationSample_SingleValue_ReturnsZero()
        {
            // Arrange
            var startTime = new DateTime(2024, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, DateTimeKind.Utc);
            DateTime endTime = startTime.AddSeconds(5);
            double[] values = [42.5];
            List<DataValue> dataValues = CreateDataValues(startTime, values);

            // Act
            DataValue result = ComputeAggregate(
                ObjectIds.AggregateFunction_StandardDeviationSample,
                dataValues,
                startTime,
                endTime,
                5000);

            // Assert
            Assert.That(result, Is.Not.Null);
            Assert.That(result.Value, Is.Not.Null);

            double stdDev = Convert.ToDouble(result.Value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
            Assert.That(stdDev, Is.EqualTo(0.0),
                "Sample standard deviation with single value should be 0");
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Test StandardDeviationSample with two values
        /// </summary>
        [Test]
        public void StandardDeviationSample_TwoValues()
        {
            // Arrange
            var startTime = new DateTime(2024, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, DateTimeKind.Utc);
            DateTime endTime = startTime.AddSeconds(5);
            double[] values = [10, 20];
            List<DataValue> dataValues = CreateDataValues(startTime, values, 2000);

            // Act
            DataValue result = ComputeAggregate(
                ObjectIds.AggregateFunction_StandardDeviationSample,
                dataValues,
                startTime,
                endTime,
                5000);

            // Assert
            Assert.That(result, Is.Not.Null);
            Assert.That(result.Value, Is.Not.Null);

            double stdDev = Convert.ToDouble(result.Value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);

            // Expected: sqrt(((10-15)^2 + (20-15)^2) / (2-1)) = sqrt(50) ≈ 7.0710678
            Assert.That(stdDev, Is.EqualTo(7.0710678).Within(0.0001),
                "Sample standard deviation with two values should be calculated correctly");
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// <para>
        /// Test VariancePopulation with example from OPC UA Part 13 v1.05 Section A.37
        /// Example: Values [10, 20, 30, 40, 50] should give population variance = 200
        /// </para>
        /// <para>
        /// Implementation Note: Population aggregates exclude the last value when using GetValues().
        /// To test the spec example with 5 values, we provide 6 values where the last is a duplicate.
        /// The implementation will use the first 5 values for the calculation.
        /// </para>
        /// </summary>
        [Test]
        public void VariancePopulation_SpecExample()
        {
            // Arrange
            var startTime = new DateTime(2024, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, DateTimeKind.Utc);
            DateTime firstValueTime = startTime.AddMilliseconds(500);
            // Providing 6 values where last is duplicate - implementation will use first 5
            double[] values = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 50];
            List<DataValue> dataValues = CreateDataValues(firstValueTime, values, 2000);
            DateTime endTime = startTime.AddSeconds(12);

            // Act
            DataValue result = ComputeAggregate(
                ObjectIds.AggregateFunction_VariancePopulation,
                dataValues,
                startTime,
                endTime,
                12000);

            // Assert
            Assert.That(result, Is.Not.Null);
            Assert.That(result.Value, Is.Not.Null);

            double variance = Convert.ToDouble(result.Value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);

            // Expected: ((10-30)^2 + (20-30)^2 + (30-30)^2 + (40-30)^2 + (50-30)^2) / 5
            // = (400 + 100 + 0 + 100 + 400) / 5 = 200
            Assert.That(variance, Is.EqualTo(200.0).Within(0.0001),
                "Variance population should match expected value");
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// <para>Test VariancePopulation with single value - should return 0</para>
        /// <para>
        /// Implementation Note: To test single value behavior with population aggregates,
        /// we provide 2 identical values since the implementation excludes the last value.
        /// This results in 1 value being used in the calculation, which correctly returns variance=0.
        /// </para>
        /// </summary>
        [Test]
        public void VariancePopulation_SingleValue_ReturnsZero()
        {
            // Arrange
            var startTime = new DateTime(2024, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, DateTimeKind.Utc);
            DateTime firstValueTime = startTime.AddMilliseconds(500);
            // Providing 2 identical values - implementation will use first 1
            double[] values = [42.5, 42.5];
            List<DataValue> dataValues = CreateDataValues(firstValueTime, values, 2000);
            DateTime endTime = startTime.AddSeconds(5);

            // Act
            DataValue result = ComputeAggregate(
                ObjectIds.AggregateFunction_VariancePopulation,
                dataValues,
                startTime,
                endTime,
                5000);

            // Assert
            Assert.That(result, Is.Not.Null);
            Assert.That(result.Value, Is.Not.Null);

            double variance = Convert.ToDouble(result.Value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
            Assert.That(variance, Is.EqualTo(0.0),
                "Variance of single value should be 0");
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Test VariancePopulation with identical values - should return 0
        /// </summary>
        [Test]
        public void VariancePopulation_IdenticalValues_ReturnsZero()
        {
            // Arrange
            var startTime = new DateTime(2024, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, DateTimeKind.Utc);
            DateTime endTime = startTime.AddSeconds(10);
            double[] values = [100, 100, 100, 100, 100];
            List<DataValue> dataValues = CreateDataValues(startTime, values, 2000);

            // Act
            DataValue result = ComputeAggregate(
                ObjectIds.AggregateFunction_VariancePopulation,
                dataValues,
                startTime,
                endTime,
                10000);

            // Assert
            Assert.That(result, Is.Not.Null);
            Assert.That(result.Value, Is.Not.Null);

            double variance = Convert.ToDouble(result.Value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
            Assert.That(variance, Is.EqualTo(0.0),
                "Variance of identical values should be 0");
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Test VarianceSample with example from OPC UA Part 13 v1.05 Section A.38
        /// Example: Values [10, 20, 30, 40, 50] should give sample variance = 250
        /// </summary>
        [Test]
        public void VarianceSample_SpecExample()
        {
            // Arrange
            var startTime = new DateTime(2024, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, DateTimeKind.Utc);
            DateTime endTime = startTime.AddSeconds(10);
            double[] values = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50];
            List<DataValue> dataValues = CreateDataValues(startTime, values, 2000);

            // Act
            DataValue result = ComputeAggregate(
                ObjectIds.AggregateFunction_VarianceSample,
                dataValues,
                startTime,
                endTime,
                10000);

            // Assert
            Assert.That(result, Is.Not.Null);
            Assert.That(result.Value, Is.Not.Null);

            double variance = Convert.ToDouble(result.Value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);

            // Expected: ((10-30)^2 + (20-30)^2 + (30-30)^2 + (40-30)^2 + (50-30)^2) / (5-1)
            // = 1000 / 4 = 250
            Assert.That(variance, Is.EqualTo(250.0).Within(0.0001),
                "Variance sample should match expected value");
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Test VarianceSample with single value - should return 0 per spec
        /// According to OPC UA Part 13 v1.05 section 5.4.3.38, sample variance is 0 when n <= 1
        /// </summary>
        [Test]
        public void VarianceSample_SingleValue_ReturnsZero()
        {
            // Arrange
            var startTime = new DateTime(2024, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, DateTimeKind.Utc);
            DateTime endTime = startTime.AddSeconds(5);
            double[] values = [42.5];
            List<DataValue> dataValues = CreateDataValues(startTime, values);

            // Act
            DataValue result = ComputeAggregate(
                ObjectIds.AggregateFunction_VarianceSample,
                dataValues,
                startTime,
                endTime,
                5000);

            // Assert
            Assert.That(result, Is.Not.Null);
            Assert.That(result.Value, Is.Not.Null);

            double variance = Convert.ToDouble(result.Value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
            Assert.That(variance, Is.EqualTo(0.0),
                "Sample variance with single value should be 0");
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Test VarianceSample with two values
        /// </summary>
        [Test]
        public void VarianceSample_TwoValues()
        {
            // Arrange
            var startTime = new DateTime(2024, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, DateTimeKind.Utc);
            DateTime endTime = startTime.AddSeconds(5);
            double[] values = [10, 20];
            List<DataValue> dataValues = CreateDataValues(startTime, values, 2000);

            // Act
            DataValue result = ComputeAggregate(
                ObjectIds.AggregateFunction_VarianceSample,
                dataValues,
                startTime,
                endTime,
                5000);

            // Assert
            Assert.That(result, Is.Not.Null);
            Assert.That(result.Value, Is.Not.Null);

            double variance = Convert.ToDouble(result.Value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);

            // Expected: ((10-15)^2 + (20-15)^2) / (2-1) = 50
            Assert.That(variance, Is.EqualTo(50.0).Within(0.0001),
                "Sample variance with two values should be calculated correctly");
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Verify that sample standard deviation is the square root of sample variance
        /// </summary>
        [Test]
        public void SampleStdDevIsSquareRootOfSampleVariance()
        {
            // Arrange
            var startTime = new DateTime(2024, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, DateTimeKind.Utc);
            DateTime endTime = startTime.AddSeconds(10);
            double[] values = [5, 15, 25, 35, 45];
            List<DataValue> dataValues = CreateDataValues(startTime, values, 2000);

            // Act - compute both sample variance and sample standard deviation
            DataValue varianceResult = ComputeAggregate(
                ObjectIds.AggregateFunction_VarianceSample,
                dataValues,
                startTime,
                endTime,
                10000);

            DataValue stdDevResult = ComputeAggregate(
                ObjectIds.AggregateFunction_StandardDeviationSample,
                dataValues,
                startTime,
                endTime,
                10000);

            // Assert
            Assert.That(varianceResult, Is.Not.Null);
            Assert.That(stdDevResult, Is.Not.Null);

            double variance = Convert.ToDouble(varianceResult.Value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
            double stdDev = Convert.ToDouble(stdDevResult.Value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);

            Assert.That(stdDev, Is.EqualTo(Math.Sqrt(variance)).Within(0.0001),
                "Sample standard deviation should be the square root of sample variance");
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Verify that population standard deviation is the square root of population variance
        /// </summary>
        [Test]
        public void PopulationStdDevIsSquareRootOfPopulationVariance()
        {
            // Arrange
            var startTime = new DateTime(2024, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, DateTimeKind.Utc);
            DateTime endTime = startTime.AddSeconds(10);
            double[] values = [5, 15, 25, 35, 45];
            List<DataValue> dataValues = CreateDataValues(startTime, values, 2000);

            // Act - compute both population variance and population standard deviation
            DataValue varianceResult = ComputeAggregate(
                ObjectIds.AggregateFunction_VariancePopulation,
                dataValues,
                startTime,
                endTime,
                10000);

            DataValue stdDevResult = ComputeAggregate(
                ObjectIds.AggregateFunction_StandardDeviationPopulation,
                dataValues,
                startTime,
                endTime,
                10000);

            // Assert
            Assert.That(varianceResult, Is.Not.Null);
            Assert.That(stdDevResult, Is.Not.Null);

            double variance = Convert.ToDouble(varianceResult.Value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
            double stdDev = Convert.ToDouble(stdDevResult.Value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);

            Assert.That(stdDev, Is.EqualTo(Math.Sqrt(variance)).Within(0.0001),
                "Population standard deviation should be the square root of population variance");
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Verify that sample variance is always greater than or equal to population variance
        /// </summary>
        [Test]
        public void SampleVarianceIsGreaterThanOrEqualToPopulationVariance()
        {
            // Arrange
            var startTime = new DateTime(2024, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, DateTimeKind.Utc);
            DateTime endTime = startTime.AddSeconds(10);
            double[] values = [12, 18, 24, 36, 42];
            List<DataValue> dataValues = CreateDataValues(startTime, values, 2000);

            // Act
            DataValue sampleVarianceResult = ComputeAggregate(
                ObjectIds.AggregateFunction_VarianceSample,
                dataValues,
                startTime,
                endTime,
                10000);

            DataValue populationVarianceResult = ComputeAggregate(
                ObjectIds.AggregateFunction_VariancePopulation,
                dataValues,
                startTime,
                endTime,
                10000);

            // Assert
            Assert.That(sampleVarianceResult, Is.Not.Null);
            Assert.That(populationVarianceResult, Is.Not.Null);

            double sampleVariance = Convert.ToDouble(sampleVarianceResult.Value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
            double populationVariance = Convert.ToDouble(populationVarianceResult.Value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);

            Assert.That(sampleVariance, Is.GreaterThanOrEqualTo(populationVariance),
                "Sample variance should be greater than or equal to population variance");
        }
    }
}
